Uruguay’s former president Jose “Pepe” Mujica has died aged 89. His humble lifestyle, including giving away most of his salary to charity and driving around in a sky blue Volkswagen Beetle, won him legions of fans.
Dubbed the world’s “poorest president” while in office from 2010 to 2015, Mujica eschewed the trappings of success, continuing to live on his small farm with his wife and three-legged dog Manuela.
He transformed Uruguay, best known for football and cattle ranching, into an outpost of progressive politics on a continent plagued by corruption and authoritarian governments.
A former guerilla with a life story that read like a thriller, he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus in May 2024 and underwent aggressive radiation therapy.
In January, he announced he was dying after the cancer spread to his liver. This week, his wife Lucia Topolansky said he was receiving palliative care.
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A few months ago, Mujica had summoned his last reserves to campaign for his political heir Yamandu Orsi, who was elected president in November.
Orsi’s win, Mujica told Agence France-Presse in an interview after the vote, was “something of a reward for me at the end of my career”.
As president, he put Uruguay on the map by legalising abortion and gay marriage, and by making it the first country in the world to allow recreational cannabis use in 2013.
He was even honoured with his own strain, “Mujica Gold,” in 2015, despite considering marijuana a “dangerous addiction”.
Mujica – who could wax lyrical about nature, consumerism and love – attributed his simple life and philosophical musings to the 13 years he spent in prison for his role in a leftist rebel group.
“We were imprisoned and alone, so to survive, we had to think and rethink a lot,” he said in a Netflix documentary on his life. Without that experience, he said, he may have been more “frivolous”.
He was disappointed at the authoritarian drift of some left-wing governments in Latin America, accusing repressive leaders in Venezuela and Nicaragua of “messing things up”.
Mujica, a descendant of Basque and Italian immigrants, was born in Montevideo on May 20, 1935, according to his identity document, although he claimed to be a year older.
He was mostly raised by his mother, whom he described as “a very tough lady”, after the untimely death of his father, and grew flowers to sell at fairs to help bring in money.
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Farming was his first love, though he was passionate about politics. He got his start as a member of the conservative National Party, but in the mid-1960s joined the MLN-Tupamaros, an urban guerilla group inspired by the Cuban revolution that sought to overthrow the state and bring about socialist change.
The group carried out Robin Hood-like “expropriations”, in Mujica’s own words, like robbing banks to give to the poor, before escalating to kidnappings, bombings and assassinations.
Mujica sustained several bullet wounds, was arrested four times and escaped twice from prison – including in the audacious 1971 breakout of scores of inmates from Montevideo’s Punta Carretas prison, now a swanky shopping centre.
Recaptured in 1972, he served 13 years in jail, much of it in solitary confinement, during a time when Uruguay was under a military dictatorship.
In 1985, he was pardoned and slowly entered politics, first as an MP and then as a senator. He served as minister of livestock, agriculture and fisheries in Uruguay’s first left-wing government for three years before running for the presidency in 2009.
While beloved by many for his attempts as president to tackle poverty and to turn Uruguay into one of the world’s most stable democracies, critics faulted Mujica for his failure to implement education reform and rein in government spending.
He was known for his candid, sometimes less-than-diplomatic, remarks. A live microphone once caught him saying: “This old hag is worse than the one-eyed guy.”
It was a reference to ex-Argentine president Cristina Kirchner and her late husband and former president Nestor Kirchner, who had a lazy eye.
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After serving a single term as president, he was reelected to the Senate, but stepped down from active politics in 2020, due to the risks Covid-19 posed to his weakened immune system.
He remained a key political figure, with his farm on the outskirts of Montevideo visited by a string of local and international leaders.
In an August 2024 interview with The New York Times, he said he would like to be remembered as a “crazy old man”.
He is survived by his wife, a fellow ex-guerilla whom he married in 2005. He said his one regret in life was not having had children.
Mujica had asked to be buried on his farm, under a tree he himself planted, alongside his dog Manuela, who died in 2018 at age 20.
